Pepper spray’s key ingredient is oleoresin capsicum (OC), an extract from chili peppers. It gives pepper spray its intense burning effect. Let’s break down what OC is, how it works, and why it’s so effective.

What is Oleoresin Capsicum?

Oleoresin capsicum is an oily extract from chili peppers, mainly from the Capsicum genus. It's made up of capsaicinoids, the compounds that give peppers their heat. OC is most commonly known for being the active ingredient in pepper spray, which is used for self-defense. When sprayed, it can temporarily irritate the eyes and skin, cause discomfort, and temporarily immobilize someone.

Capsaicin makes up about 80 to 90% of the extract. It works by attaching to receptors in the body that cause a burning sensation. OC also contains other compounds like dihydrocapsaicin, which add to its fiery effect. The exact makeup of OC can change depending on the type of pepper it’s derived from.

In addition, the compound's chemical structure results in lasting effects on sensory neurons. For this reason, oleoresin capsicum is used in various applications like pain relief and inflammation reduction. OC’s versatility makes it useful in self-defense products, food, cosmetics, and medicine. 

What is Oleoresin Capsicum Used For?

Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) is best known for its role in personal defense, but it also shows up in the food industry, cosmetics, and medicine. Let’s take a look at how this powerful ingredient is used below:

1. Personal Defense

Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) is known for its use in pepper spray, a key tool in personal safety. When sprayed on the face or eyes, OC causes intense irritation and temporarily immobilizes the person affected. This gives the user time to escape and avoid harm. 

Law enforcement agencies around the world also use strong pepper spray for crowd control and subduing resistive individuals. It's used when non-lethal force is needed to manage a crowd or fight aggression. In civilian settings, OC-based sprays are used as a self-defense measure. It lets people protect themselves from attackers and other dangerous situations.

2. Flavoring

OC is also used in the food industry to add spice to products. It’s a concentrated source of heat that helps food manufacturers create predictable, consistent flavors in hot sauces, spicy snacks, and other spicy food. The heat level of OC varies, usually ranging from 80,000 to 500,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU). It’s hotter than most fresh chili peppers, making it ideal for people who enjoy spicy meals. 

3. Cosmetics

Oleoresin Capsicum is found in some cosmetic products, where it’s used for its stimulating and warming effects. It’s commonly included in lotions, creams, and ointments that promote circulation and reduce muscle tension. When applied to the skin, OC creates a warming sensation that helps soothe sore muscles or joints. It’s also used in some cellulite creams, where it helps improve blood flow and temporarily plump the skin.

4. Medicine

OC is also used in topical treatments for pain relief. Capsaicin, the active compound in OC, helps reduce pain by affecting how nerves send pain signals to the brain. This makes OC a key ingredient in several over-the-counter products, including ointments and patches for conditions like arthritis and nerve pain. 

These products work by applying OC directly to the affected area. It provides a mild burning sensation that distracts people from the pain. Some studies have shown that long-term use of capsaicin can reduce pain intensity by depleting a neuropeptide called substance P, which is involved in transmitting pain signals.

5. Animal Feed

OC is also used in animal feed, but not for the animals themselves. It’s added to prevent pests and unwanted animals from damaging crops and livestock. Its strong scent and spicy nature keep rodents, insects, and other pests away. While OC does not harm the animals, its presence in the feed helps maintain a more pest-free environment.

How Does Oleoresin Capsicum Work?

Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) works mainly because of capsaicin, the compound in chili peppers that causes an intense burning sensation. When OC is sprayed, it targets sensitive receptors in the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. This causes immediate burning, stinging, and involuntary inflammation. It also forces the eyes to close, causing temporary blindness. Plus, OC can cause coughing and shortness of breath.

While the effects are intense, they’re temporary. The discomfort usually fades within about 45 minutes if untreated or sooner if the person washes it off. You can check out how OC in pepper spray feels like here. 

OC doesn’t cause permanent injury, but it’s uncomfortable enough to temporarily disable someone. This makes it a valuable tool for law enforcement and personal defense. 

Effects of Oleoresin Capsicum

Oleoresin capsicum isn’t just about the burn. It affects the body in multiple ways. Whether it’s the stinging sensation or the overwhelming eye irritation, OC’s effects are hard to ignore. Here’s what happens when someone’s exposed to OC: 

1. Burning Sensation

You’ll feel a strong, burning sensation after exposure to oleoresin capsicum. This intense heat is caused by capsaicin, the active ingredient in OC. It stimulates the pain receptors on your skin. 

The affected area will often turn red (erythema) and get inflamed. This inflammation makes the skin hypersensitive, so any pressure feels painful. In some cases, the skin may become sore with a heightened sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia). However, these effects are usually temporary but can be quite uncomfortable while they last.

2. Eye Irritation

OC causes immediate and severe irritation when it comes in contact with the eyes. The eyes close involuntarily, making it hard to keep them open. You may also experience swelling around the eyes and redness. The eyes may also water excessively, which is the body’s natural way of flushing out the irritant.

3. Respiratory Effects

Inhaling OC can cause a burning or stinging sensation in the nose and throat. This could be accompanied by tightness in the chest, making breathing difficult. Many people will also experience shortness of breath or gasping. 

Respiratory irritation can cause coughing, sneezing, and a stuffy or runny nose. The throat may also feel swollen or raw, while the chest may feel heavy for a while. These symptoms make breathing hard but fade as the body clears the irritant.

4. Sensory Irritation

OC doesn't just affect the skin and eyes. It can also irritate the mucous membranes and nerve endings in the body. This sensation can spread to other sensitive areas and cause discomfort in the mouth and lips. It may also cause dry cough or sneezing.

5. Psychological Effects

Exposure to OC can also cause some psychological discomfort. The intense irritation can lead to helplessness, fear, and panic. In addition, the inability to see or breathe might trigger anxiety. These psychological effects usually go hand-in-hand with physical discomfort.

Benefits of Oleoresin Capsicum

Oleoresin capsicum is a safer alternative to more dangerous weapons. It helps protect people while minimizing serious injuries. Here are the top benefits of OC:

1. Non-Lethal Self-Defense

One of the biggest benefits of oleoresin capsicum is its use in pepper spray for self-defense. Unlike weapons that can cause permanent harm or even death, OC provides a non-lethal way to protect yourself in dangerous situations. It temporarily incapacitates an attacker and gives you time to escape and call for help.

2. Temporary Effects

OC can cause discomfort and irritation, but it doesn't cause permanent injuries. The effects, such as blurry vision or difficulty breathing, are intense but short-lived. The symptoms generally subside within 30 to 45 minutes. 

Plus, oleoresin capsicum rarely has long-term health effects when used as intended. While it may cause temporary discomfort, little evidence suggests long-lasting damage to the eyes, skin, or respiratory system. Hence, it’s safer than other chemical irritants or physical methods.

3. Law Enforcement Use

Oleoresin capsicum is widely accepted in law enforcement. It lets officers subdue suspects without excessive force. This prevents serious injuries during arrests or crowd control. With proper training, law enforcement personnel can use OC to manage dangerous situations and minimize harm.

Is Oleoresin Capsicum Safe to Eat?

Yes, oleoresin capsicum is safe to eat in small amounts. It’s the same compound that gives chili peppers their heat. It’s used in spicy food, sauces, and seasoning. Since it's highly concentrated, ingesting too much can cause intense burning, mouth irritation, or digestive issues.  However, food-grade OC is carefully measured for safe consumption. On the other hand, the OC used in pepper spray is not meant to be eaten. It contains extra chemicals that can be harmful. 

What Is Police Pepper Spray Made Of?

Police pepper spray is made of oleoresin capsicum (OC), an oil extracted from chili peppers. The active ingredient, capsaicin, makes it hot. It’s the same compound that gives peppers their spicy kick. However, it’s more concentrated in police pepper spray. This makes it effective for self-defense and crowd control. While powerful, it’s non-lethal with effects that wear off over time. 

Is Oleoresin Inflammatory?

Yes, oleoresin capsicum is inflammatory. It contains capsaicin, which triggers a strong reaction in the body. When it touches your skin, eyes, or airways, it activates nerve receptors that sense pain and heat. This leads to redness, swelling, and a burning sensation—classic signs of inflammation.

Conclusion

Oleoresin capsicum makes pepper spray powerful. It causes intense but temporary irritation, making it an effective self-defense and law enforcement tool. While it’s uncomfortable, its effects wear off. Whether for protection or practical use, OC is a useful compound with many benefits.